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About

An engineer, a gearbox, and one honest question

I am Thomas Bischof, Dr.-Ing., and I run the engineering office that carries my name. For twenty-six years I worked on the acoustics of gearboxes and drivetrains at ZF Friedrichshafen, latterly as Manager NVH & Dynamics and head of the group-wide acoustics expert team, responsible for fundamental research in NVH. I have run my own engineering office since 2002, full-time since 2022.

I started in optical metrology: at the Bremen Institute of Applied Beam Technology I coupled holographic interferometry with finite element calculations to find flaws in adhesive bonds, fibre-reinforced components and pressure vessels without destroying them. That was also the subject of my doctorate at the University of Bremen, followed by a research stay at Worcester Polytechnic Institute in Massachusetts; those years produced more than fifteen publications on holographic interferometry. What stayed with me is an attitude: a measurement only becomes a statement once the model and the experiment point at each other.

At ZF the subject grew to commercial-vehicle and wind-turbine gearboxes, system acoustics beyond the single component, and root cause analysis in end-of-line testing — for seven of those years while also chairing the NVH working group of the German research association for drive technology. The method behind s2m comes out of that work: reference the measurement to shaft angle, and derive relative transfer functions and tooth mesh excitations from ramp measurements. Attributing an anomaly automatically to the elements that could have caused it is patented. The same line of work produced AutoPlotter, a tool for the automated evaluation of noise measurements, which I sold from 2002 onwards and whose sources have since gone to ZF.

What has not changed is the question at the end of every campaign: can you name the component, and can you show why. Everything in the method exists to make that answer defensible rather than plausible.

Background

Where the method comes from

The stages with their periods, and the work that came out of each.

  1. 1988–1994

    Studies and doctorate

    Diploma thesis at Tecmath AG in Kaiserslautern on data reduction methods in fatigue life analysis. Then a doctorate at the University of Bremen, on non-destructive testing, digital image processing and holographic interferometry; the thesis appeared in 1994 with VDI-Verlag, Fortschritt-Berichte series 8, no. 398.

  2. 1989–1995

    Research associate at BIAS, Bremen

    At the Bremen Institute of Applied Beam Technology, coupling numerical methods with measured results — hybrid working long before the term became common. Concretely: reconciling finite element calculations with displacement measurements from holographic interferometry. The model predicts a displacement field, the interferogram measures it, and wherever the two part company the model is wrong. More than fifteen publications on it, among them a chapter on holographic interferometry of adhesive bonds in the Handbuch Fertigungstechnologie Kleben.

  3. after the doctorate

    Research stay at Worcester Polytechnic Institute

    A post-doc at WPI in Worcester, Massachusetts. The subject remained the combination of holographic interferometry and finite element calculation — the same pairing of measurement and model that would later carry the gearbox acoustics work.

  4. 1995–2022

    Manager NVH & Dynamics, ZF Friedrichshafen

    Twenty-six years of gearbox and drivetrain acoustics: head of the group-wide acoustics expert team, responsible for fundamental research in NVH. The work was NVH method development — automated evaluation, new evaluation methods, reconciling simulation with measurement, and mapping the limits of both: where a model still holds, and where an evaluation method stops carrying. Alongside it, transferring that knowledge into the business units, from designing the training courses to teaching them. The applications ran from the noise optimisation of commercial-vehicle gearboxes through the acoustic quality of wind-turbine gearboxes to system acoustics across component and vehicle boundaries.

  5. from 2002

    AutoPlotter — automated evaluation as a product

    Alongside the employment I have run my own engineering office since 2002, at first as a second occupation. Out of it came AutoPlotter: a software product for the automated evaluation of noise measurements, built on PAK, the measurement software from Müller-BBM. Its sources have since been sold to ZF.

  6. 2008–2009

    Lectureship in machine acoustics

    Lecturer for machine acoustics at Ravensburg-Weingarten University of Applied Sciences.

  7. 2011–2015

    End-of-line testing and order-based evaluation

    Locating acoustically suspicious gearbox bearings on the end-of-line bench, and diagnosing them within the seconds a production line allows. In 2015, at the 22nd ICSV in Florence, deriving the relative transfer function and the relative tooth mesh excitation from ramp measurements — the direct predecessor of today’s evaluation.

  8. 2015–2022

    Chair of the FVA working group on NVH

    Seven years chairing the NVH working group of the Forschungsvereinigung Antriebstechnik in Frankfurt — gearbox acoustics not as one company’s problem but as the industry’s shared question.

  9. 2016–2021

    Patents on automated cause attribution

    Among them a method that automatically attributes possible causer sources to an acoustic anomaly of a rotation-synchronous noise source, a method for detecting defective bearings, and structure-borne and motion sensing built from electroactive composite material.

  10. since 2022

    Ingenieurbüro Dr. Thomas Bischof, full-time

    Since 2022 the office in Graben-Neudorf has been my full-time work: tooling that automates evaluation work, automated assessment of acoustic measurements, root cause analysis of suspicious machine noise. The method now sits in s2m, which holds the measurement data, the kinematic models and every analysis run, and makes a result reproducible months later.

Selected work

Publications and patents

A selection, newest first. The complete list is on Google Scholar.

  1. 2023
    Paper

    The dynamics of tapered-roller bearings — a bottom-up validation study

    Strojniški vestnik – Journal of Mechanical Engineering 69(7–8), with M. Razpotnik and M. Boltežar

  2. 2021
    Patent

    Structure-borne sound sensor made of electroactive composite material

    DE 10 2019 214 102.1

  3. 2017
    Patent

    Method for automatically attributing possible causer sources to an acoustic anomaly of a rotation-synchronous noise source

    DE 10 2016 206 809 A1, with A. Meier-Koll

  4. 2017
    Patent

    Method for detecting defective bearings

    DE 10 2016 210 547 A1

  5. 2017
    Talk

    Improvement of the blocked force method by considering the cross & moment

    DAGA, Kiel, with L. Trampus

  6. 2015
    Paper

    The influence of bearing stiffness on the vibration properties of statically overdetermined gearboxes

    Journal of Sound and Vibration 351, with M. Razpotnik and M. Boltežar

  7. 2015
    Talk

    Deriving the relative transfer function and the relative tooth mesh excitation based on ramp noise measurements

    22nd International Congress on Sound and Vibration, Florence

  8. 2012
    Talk

    Getriebe- und Systemakustik

    DAGA, Darmstadt, with H. Naunheimer and others

  9. 2012
    Talk

    Root cause analysis of acoustically suspicious transmissions during EOL testing

    7th International Styrian Noise, Vibration & Harshness Congress, SAE Technical Paper

  10. 1994
    Doctoral thesis

    Ein Beitrag zur Detektion und Bewertung von kugelförmigen Einschlüssen mit holografischer Interferometrie

    VDI-Verlag

Beyond these, more than fifteen publications from the optical metrology years: holographic interferometry of adhesive bonds, fibre-reinforced components and pressure vessels, each coupled with finite element calculations — among them a chapter in the Handbuch Fertigungstechnologie Kleben.

How the work runs

Five steps, in this order

  1. Understand the complaint

    What is heard, where, under which operating conditions — and who decided it is a problem. A noise that only appears in coast-down is a different investigation from one that scales with load.

  2. Check what the data can carry

    Before analysing anything: is shaft angle available, is the run repeatable, does the speed range cover the suspected orders. If not, that is the first deliverable.

  3. Model the gear train

    The kinematics define which orders each element can produce. This is what turns a spectrum into a list of testable hypotheses instead of a picture to stare at.

  4. Resolve and separate

    Shaft-synchronous analysis per load-carrying mesh, sidebands included, so excitations that overlap in frequency stop overlapping in the result.

  5. State the conclusion with its limits

    Named cause, operating range it holds for, separation quality behind it — and an explicit note where the data does not decide.

Principles

Three things I do not negotiate

Reproducible or it did not happen

Every figure traces back to a frozen analysis version: same data, same parameters, same result, months later.

No conclusion beyond the evidence

A ranked list of candidates with honest uncertainty is worth more than one confident answer that turns out wrong in the next build.

You keep the analysis

Not just a report. The model, the runs and the evaluation stay accessible to your team in the platform.